How to Choose Transitions For College Papers

<h1>How to Choose Transitions For College Papers</h1><p>When settling on advances for school papers, it's ideal to be cautious. The objective is to experience various papers for a long time and leaving you with numerous choices while choosing transitions.</p><p></p><p>When an understudy decides to do a change for a paper, the paper gets last and this incorporates all modifications that might be made too. The understudy is allowed to keep the progress of the paper yet it's smarter to have a real other option, which gives understudies the choice to pick. At the point when understudies pick a change, they will see that there are numerous decisions, and they ought to be very much educated to pick the progress of their choice.</p><p></p><p>One regular strategy to change paper incorporates adding a reference section to the work, which comprises of at least one articles composed by others who will impart their insight to the peruser. Another normal technique to change papers is composing the papers from the point of view of an outsider, either an insider or an essential source. Another approach to progress is to compose from the point of view of a past variant of the subject of the paper. This is significant in light of the fact that when the peruser peruses the paper, they can identify with the subject such that you can't when composing from the viewpoint of the writer.</p><p></p><p>The primary concern to recollect while changing a paper is to be innovative and be unique. The change ought to incorporate the composition of substance and this ought to be done in a fascinating and funny manner. At the point when understudies compose the changes for school papers, they should save a similar style of composing for each progress. They ought to likewise abstain from reworking a paper after a change, as this will confound the reader.</p><p></p><p>Writing advances for school papers can be trying as this implies removing any assumptions the peruser has about the current point. In some cases when understudies compose changes, they should be inventive so as to introduce thoughts that will fulfill the peruser. The advances should constantly present and investigate the peruser's advantages, rather than simply offering expressions that address the particular subject of the paper.</p><p></p><p>Transitions for school papers ought to likewise be anything but difficult to peruse and comprehend, as perusers need to have the option to retain data without any problem. The changes for school papers ought to resemble short stories that fulfill the peruser's brain, so they will peruse them again.</p><p></p><p>One thing to remember while progressing for school papers is to ensure the advances for school papers are energizing. Composing advances for school papers is much the same as composing short stories; keep ing in touch with them energizing and intriguing is the most ideal approach. Changes for school papers ought to be diverting, instructive, contacting, moving, and it ought to be interesting.</p><p></p><p>Transitions for school papers ought to have the option to engage the peruser and move them to utilize the thoughts. Changes for school papers should make the peruser think and instruct them on the point at hand.</p>

Dirty Facts About Cause and Effect Essay Ideas Topics Revealed

<h1> Dirty Facts About Cause and Effect Essay Ideas Topics Revealed</h1> <p>Cause and impact is a tremendous pick for the individuals who wish to upgrade their aptitudes recorded as a hard copy as well as sensible reasoning as well. The fundamental thought to recollect is that your point is to find the substance of a circumstances and logical results relationship inside the inquiry and show their cognizance. Smoking gives a feeling of delight. Remember your time is restricted and you don't wish to squander any of that endeavoring to build up a mistaken theme. </p> <p>If you wish to get an examination paper, internet composing administration like our own is definitely what you need. For all of your necessities in any kind of scholastic paper composing, attempt to recall you could generally contact the gifted and ensured scholarly journalists of ProfEssays.com. Setting numerals and making theme makes it a lot simpler to distinguish the data which bolsters proposal articulation. In many examples, understudies become confounded when they're composing the work in progress of their paper. </p> <p>If you are in control of a genuine cognizance of the order, at that point you shouldn't have any issue composing a powerful end. The thought, by and by, is absolutely incorrect. In the first place, it should be a solid point, as it's your supposition. Most people will be ready to tell on the off chance that you realize what you're expounding on from your proposal explanation. </p> <p>Sometimes you will find that on the off chance that you form the end, you may find some intelligent mistakes in your paper's body. The essential point to a flourishing article is having the perfect structure. On the off chance that it's conceivable to look at the issue from different viewpoints and base your thinking on different things, the article will simply turn out to be increasingly noteworthy and intriguing to peruse. One of the serious issues in the presentations is the lack of a proposal proclamation. </p> <h2> The Honest to Goodness Truth on Cause and Effect Essay Ideas Topics </h2> <p>Give guides to delineate the technique by which the reason applies to the last outcome. Despite the fact that it very well may be hard to compose, it is as often as possible the most intriguing and remunerating sort of circumstances and logical results paper. For the enormous part, there are 3 one of a kind types of circumstances and logical results papers. Be fore you begin dealing with circumstances and logical results paper layout the absolute first thing you need to do is to choose a triumphant subject. </p> <p>So, when you will compose, realize whether you're expressing the genuine circumstances and end results. All the more frequently you'll have to choose your own circumstances and logical results article point. So when you've been appointed to form a circumstances and logical results exposition, you need to build up an incredible theme. A circumstances and logical results exposition is the kind of paper that the author is utilizing to break down the circumstances and end results of a specific activity or occasion. </p> <p>Utilizing an article layout makes it conceivable to sort out your considerations from beginning to end and verifies you don't leave any basic parts from the center! It causes you arrange your contemplations so you don't commit that error. Picking the right point must be practiced with care since it's the principal establishment of paper composing. Choosing the paper theme must be done cautiously. </p> <p>Make a rundown of potential themes that you might want to portray in your circumstances and logical results article. Circumstances and logical results article have a ton of sub-types. Circumstances and logical results articles are run of the mill in the scholarly community as it gives the understudies a far reaching comprehension of the subject. Composing an amazing exposition about circumstances and logical results is less complex than it may appear. </p> <h2> Cause and Effect Essay Ideas Topics - Dead or Alive?</h2> <p>Contact us currently to figure out how you're ready to locate a top quality paper at a moderate cost. Examine our value number cruncher to find what your ideal cost for the paper is! It is crucial to choose the one which you can comprehend, as you should comprehend what kind of bonds and connections it incorporates. Plastics and plastic things should be completely prohibited from urban communities since they are of no magnificent use. </p> <h2> The Battle Over Cause and Effect Essay Ideas Topics and How to Win It </h2> <p>Conduct a little prewriting activity to procure more thoughts regarding this issue. Perusing legitimate websites and law books can be valuable in a significant manner. </p> <p>Therefore, while picking a theme for your article, make certain you have not too bad measure of information to clarify everything. There typically three to five boss subjects are required to gain a solid contention. Taking a gander at your absolute first draft you may believe it's very disordered. You need to accept cautiously about your own theme and pick which structure will suit splendidly. </p> <h2> Cause and Effect Essay Ideas Topics - Is it a Scam? </h2> <p>For case, if the creator expects to contend that the loss of security will bring about loss of individual opportunity, at that point the portrayal should focus on the advancements that will impact a person's opportunity to act. Everything on earth is interrelated. Stop stressing in light of the fact that composing isn't a weight, yet a test that you should be prepared to take on. In case you're expounding on World War I, for example, notice the political, social, and verifiable angles that ca used the brilliant war. </p>

Secret Answers to Writing Research Papers for Dummies Uncovered

<h1>Secret Answers to Writing Research Papers for Dummies Uncovered </h1> <h2> Details of Writing Research Papers for Dummies</h2> <p>Apparently, you can't present your outcomes at the period of research proposition. Use your blueprint to focus on how you are going to structure your last research paper and that which you will address in every individual passage. When it is neither essential nor alluring to give an out and out audit of the writing for a preface to the investigation, it assists with arranging the examination inside some greater field of enquiry. Instructive discourse papers have a layout that has a concise title toward the beginning of the discourse. </p> <p>Students need to guarantee that the nature of Spanish uniquely crafted investigate papers offered to them is definitely justified even despite the entirety of charged. Presently you can scan for writing and practice materials that are to be used in your examination. 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The following stage is to begin gathering and perusing the articles. </p> <h2> New Step by Step Roadmap for Writing Research Papers for Dummies</h2> <p>Utilise the help of our administration and don't worry about how you complete the school. The evaluation of the examination proposition generally depends not simply on the evaluation of the task proposed yet in addition on the gauge of research proposition composing. After the inquiry of various assets presents a genuine time smash for understudies, and there might be an exponential sum information out there for the paper. For example, the understudies are relied upon to utilize essential assets and auxiliary assets. </p> <p>Plagiarism is unquestionably from the inquiry. Understudies must submit Spanish specially crafted i nvestigate papers which are liberated from unoriginality. 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A few examines talk about a general point while some are taking care of something explicit. </p>

Perks of Using Persuasive Essay Examples For Fourth Grade

Perks of Using Persuasive Essay Examples For Fourth GradeUsing persuasive essay samples for 4th grade students is a very effective way to teach writing skills. This type of lesson can be taught in more than one level and can be extended for months or even years as the student matures. The trick is to make sure that the student uses the lessons in a way that really encourages writing and makes the learning process fun and engaging.In addition to the normal strategies used for developing new essays, such as asking the student to rewrite or edit their work, adding some personal commentary, taking notes about the essay they are working on, or using examples, children need to learn to use this simple strategy that is often forgotten. When you talk to the teacher or principal of your child's school, ask if they have any persuasive essay samples for fourth graders. Do not assume they do, because there may be a selection process that is involved.If you want to find persuasive essay samples f or fourth graders, start with those that show some relevance to the subject of the class. You should not just pick any essay to use. Look for well-written examples that are related to the topic at hand, as well as essays that include a strong argument for why it is a good idea to write something.The next thing you need to consider when looking for persuasive essay samples for fourth graders is to make sure that the essay is both interesting and engaging. Students will not like an essay that seems repetitive. They should be able to keep up with the argument and understand it. If there is too much repetition, the lesson will fall flat.So when you are searching for persuasive essay samples for fourth graders, take some time to read the example essays carefully. Be sure to look for a few things. First, the paragraphs need to flow well from one to the next, as well as the body of the essay, so they do not become too long and boring.The third thing to look for when looking for persuasive essay samples for fourth graders is whether or not the students will follow your advice and participate in the lesson. Instructing students to write and review their work is a good idea. This will encourage them to do what they need to do in order to get the job done, which is to do their best.Lastly, make sure that when you search for persuasive essay samples for fourth grade, that you are looking for something that is written in a variety of different styles. The same lesson might be taught in a manner that is unique, or a variation of styles. It will help to be able to recognize this, as it can be hard to distinguish between such a broad range of material.Make sure that when you search for persuasive essay samples for fourth grade, that you choose something that is written in a variety of different styles. This will ensure that your lesson is well taught, as well as allow students to use the skills that they are learning in a variety of different ways.

Eating the Right Food Free Essays

string(108) " time there is not a big variety of local foods that you can buy, because of the severe weather conditions\." â€Å"You are what you eat† said for the first time Anthelme Brillat-Savarin back in 1826 and since then this phrase is being used a lot by nutritionists. If this is really true, then a lot of Americans would appear to be unhealthy, treated with chemicals and, commercially raised animal flesh. While this does not sound very nice, it is nonetheless a description of the typical Americans who survive on the consumption of big macs and greasy French fries. We will write a custom essay sample on Eating the Right Food or any similar topic only for you Order Now â€Å"Unfortunately, studies show that over eighty five percent of Americans no longer eat even one meal at home together every day† (Bond, 4). It is true, and what should the average Americans do about this problem? They should better choose what they eat. Eating the right food is like getting an A at school. If you eat right food you will most likely be healthy. If you are getting A’s at school, you will most likely be successful. Eating the right food will contribute to your healthy living. By making the right choices, you will help yourself avoid some very serious problems. Making poor choices like eating too much wrong food, increases your chances of developing cancer, heart disease, diabetes, digestive disorders and aging related loss of vision. An example for that is the obesity, which is a major health concern in the United States. â€Å"Obesity can be linked to some 300,000 deaths and $117 billion in health care costs a year† (Espejo, 11). This statistics is very scary and it shows us how serious can be the wrong choice of our food. If we want to live healthy, we have to eat right. Eating the right food is not a hard thing to do. We just have to know some basic rules. One way to choose the right food is to follow the Food Guide Pyramid, developed by The Ivanova 2 United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). More than one hundred years ago in 1894, the USDA published its first food guide, where the author, a nutritionist, introduced the idea of food groups. The five food groups defined in the food guide were milk and meat, cereals, fruits and vegetables, fats and fatty foods, and sugars and sugary foods. The guide made recommendations about eating food from each food group to remain healthy. MyPyramid is the most recent food guide, designed to provide Americans with a wide variety of food recommendations that will promote their health. MyPyramid was a major revision of the Food Guide Pyramid. It was designed to illustrate recommendations found in the Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2005 released by the USDA in January 2005. MyPyramid is intended to help Americans choose the right food to eat. It is designed to help people learn how to eat a healthy diet and live an active lifestyle. The latest food pyramid makes recommendations in seven categories: grains, vegetables, fruits, milk, meat and beans, oils, discretionary calories, and Ivanova 3 physical activity. Each food category is a different color in the pyramid with different recommendations. The highest recommendation according to the pyramid is for grains, milk and vegetables. The lowest recommendation is for oils and meat. MyPyramid assumes that people will eat from all food categories. I have found that following MyPyramid is the simplest way of balancing my meals. It separates foods into groups and graphs the amount of each group needed in an average person’s diet. The second way to choose the right food is to eat local and seasonal food. Eating local food has a lot of advantages. The shorter the distance that food travels from farm to table, the better. The long-distance transport of food requires more preservatives, packaging, refrigeration and fuel. By purchasing local foods in-season, you eliminate the environmental damage caused by shipping foods thousands of miles, your money spent on food goes directly to the farmer, and your family will be able to enjoy the health benefits of eating fresh, unprocessed fruits and vegetables. Eating locally does not mean to give up products like coffee and tea, which are grown only in certain regions. But it does mean to make choices when possible in favor of those foods that are produces near you. â€Å"Get out of the supermarket whenever you can† (Pollan, 33) is one of the Michael Pollan’s food rules. This rule implies the importance of going to the local farmer’s market. In the farmer’s market you will find fresh whole foods picked at the peak of nutritional quality. You will find food that â€Å"your great-great-grandmother would have recognized as food† (Pollan, 7). There are a lot of programs that try to promote growing fresh produce. South Central Los Angeles’ â€Å"Food from the Hood† program has brought ttention to the potential of its embattled Crenshaw district, while providing with Ivanova 4 college funds for the high school students who maintain organic gardens. San Francisco’s Fresh Start Farms employs homeless families to grow produce forthe city’s many restaurants. And U. S. prisons have taken to garden ing projects in a big way, like San Francisco County Jail’s Garden Project, which has prisoners growing food for local soup kitchens† (Motavalli, 17). These programs are great examples of promoting growing fresh and organic food. But that should embrace a larger number of people engaged with growing fresh produce. Not only homeless people, prisoners and students. Different programs should be developed in larger areas, where people can join and help grow fresh and organic food. Try to eat most foods only when they are in season, or can seasonal food in order to eat and enjoy it all year round. Buying seasonal produce also provides an opportunity to try new foods and to experiment with seasonal recipes. And it simply tastes better! Every region of the world has its harvest seasons. In order to eat locally, we have to be familiar with what is local and seasonal in the area we live. For example, in my country Bulgaria in winter time there is not a big variety of local foods that you can buy, because of the severe weather conditions. You read "Eating the Right Food" in category "Papers" So we usually buy bananas and oranges, that are imported. But in spring, where everything comes to life, we start buying strawberries and cherries. I was not used to eat strawberries all over the year before, because in my country we grow strawberries only in spring and this is the only time of the year that you can buy and eat strawberries. Here you can buy strawberries any time of the year, but I do not do that, because they do not taste good. In summer time in Bulgaria we buy peaches, apricots, tomatoes, corn and a lot more. In California on the other hand, in winter we can enjoy grapefruits, lemons, oranges, lettuce, mushrooms, and potatoes. An important part of buying local is making an effort to purchase fresh fruits and vegetables when they are in season in your area. Although today’s global marketplace allows us to buy foods grown virtually anywhere in the world all year round, these options are not the most sustainable. Even if you do not want to change any of your eating habits, you can at least make sure to buy local produce when it’s available, rather than purchase the same type of food from three thousand miles away! The third way to choose the right food is to eat fresh food and a lot of fruits and vegetables. Fresh food comes out of the ground and comes to your plate with as little interference as possible. The freshest produce is what you grow yourself and pick just before you eat it. Eating fresh food is as simple as it sounds. It does not mean avoiding frozen or canned food, but it rather means to eat food as close to its natural state as possible. Frozen foods and vegetables are nearly as good as fresh ones and they may even be more nutritious than fresh fruits and vegetables that have been stored for weeks or months under conditions that prevent ripening. Canned fruits and vegetables are usually fine, though many come loaded with salt and added sugar. (Willet, 126). â€Å"Eat plenty of fruits and vegetables† (Willet, 114). As child you hated to hear it. As a teenager, you promised yourself you would never say it to your children. This wisdom however is passed from generation to generation. This is a timeless advice, simple and easy to remember. The National Cancer Institute recommends that each of us eats at least five servings of fresh fruits and vegetables a day, since they play a very beneficial role in protecting against cancer, heart disease and other health problems. But what exactly are fruits and vegetables? â€Å"To a botanist, a fruit is any plant part that contains seeds, any by process of elimination, a vegetable is everything else: leaves, stems, flowers, roots and bulbs† (Willet, 115). The reason experts recommend so many servings of fruits and vegetables is that they offer the best way to prevent chronic diseases such as diabetes and cancer. We should simply â€Å"Eat food† (Pollan, 5). It is easy to say, but hard to do, especially with all the new food products that are introduced annually to the market. Most of these items do not even deserve to be call food. They consist mostly of ingredients derived from corn and soy that no normal person keeps in their pantry. Lastly, the right food to eat will be anything, but fast food. Most people choose fast food because it is convenient, fast, and cheap. Fast restaurants are everywhere, on every corner. They always have the best deals for food. Everything seems so delicious and in most of the times it is really delicious. But the problem is that is not healthy and this is absolutely the worse choice of food that we can make. â€Å"It’s not food if it arrived through the window of your car† (Pollan, 43). Fast food cannot be called food. We should avoid fast food restaurants if we care at least a little bit about ourselves. There is almost always a healthier choice. It may not be the cheapest or the fastest route, but I think that overall nutrition is more important than the thickness of our wallet. Cost, convenience, and lack of time all contribute to the bad eating habits most people have. Not everyone can afford to eat well in America, which is shameful, but most of us can. â€Å"Americans spend, on average, less than 10 percent of their income on food, down from 24 percent in 1947, and less than the citizens of any other nation†(The New York Times, January, 28, 2007). And those of us who can afford to eat well should. Paying more for the right food will contribute not only to your health also to the health of others who might not themselves be able to afford that sort of food: the people who grow it in the farms. Planning what to eat can eliminate impulse and over eating. In conclusion, choosing the right food to eat is not always easy. These are different ways to choose better our food. Choosing the right food to eat is choosing a better life. When we choose better our food we contribute actively to our health and to our life. MyPyramide is one way to choose the right food to eat. It gives us an idea how to balance the food we eat and what food to eat more and what to eat less. Another way to make a better food choice is eating a local and seasonal food. This is also not a very hard thing to do. We just have to make a little research on the local farmer’s markets and what kind of produce is grown seasonally in the area we live. The third way is to eat fresh produce and as many fruits and vegetables as possible. The last and maybe the most important thing to eat right is to avoid fast food. These are easy steps to living a happy, healthy and right life. How to cite Eating the Right Food, Papers

Conceptual Design of Short Takeoff Supersonic Aircraft with Cold Flow Nozzles free essay sample

International Conference on Trends in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (ICTMIE2013) January 8-9, 2013 Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia) Conceptual Design of Short Takeoff Supersonic Aircraft with Cold Flow Nozzles Vignesh. M 1, Sathish. K1, Adrin Issai Arasu. L1, Dharun Lingam. K1, and Sanal Kumar. V. R 2 consumption and poor range) in turn making it unprofitable for manufacturers to produce these kinds of aircraft. It can cover a distance from India to USA in 2 ? hours. Propulsion systems that provide aircraft with the capability of both vertical and conventional forward flight represent a formidable challenge to the engine designer. Vertical and short takeoff and landing (V/STOL) aircraft have several major categories of engine arrangement. Some of the typical arrangements for high speed aircraft are: the engines may be fixed in a position required to produce thrust for forward flight. Their exhaust systems, however, have built-in variable geometry, making it possible to vector the exhaust nozzle (or nozzles) or divert the exhaust gases by means of valves and auxiliary ducts to nozzles mounted in such a way as to provide vertical thrust or lift. Another option is the aircraft may include two different sets of engines or propulsors (or both), fixed in position, with one set installed for forward flight and the other for vertical thrust (i. e. , the lift engines). Additionally, the aircraft may use a convertible engine. Supersonic aircraft usually use low bypass turbofans as they give good efficiency below the speed of sound as well as above, or if extended super cruise is needed turbojet engines are desirable as they give less nacelle drag at supersonic speeds. A supersonic transport (SST) is a civil aircraft designed to transport passengers at speeds greater than the speed of sound. The only supersonic civilian aircraft to see service are the Soviet produced Tupolev Tu-144 which first flew in 1968 and was retired in 1997, and the Franco-British produced Concorde, which first flew in 1969 and remained in service until 2003. Following the cessation of flying by Concorde in 2003, there are no supersonic civilian aircraft in service. These are succinctly reported in the open literature, which triggered the researchers to make attempts for unconventional lucrative design challenges of supersonic aircraft. In an attempt to resolve some of the technological challenges on supersonic aircraft design, a substantial revision of the existing concept is required. In this paper critical review of the literature is carried out and a conceptual design of short takeoff supersonic aircraft with cold flow multi-purpose rectangular nozzle has been proposed. Bachelor of Engineering Final Year Student, Department of Aeronautical Engineering, Kumaraguru College of Technology, Coimbatore – 641 049, Tamil Nadu, India (email: vignesh. [emailprotected] com) 2 Professor and Aerospace Scientist (ISRO), Aeronautical Engineering, Kumaraguru College of Technology, Coimbatore – 641 049, Tamil Nadu, India; Corresponding Author, (phone: +91 9150891021 / +91-9388679565, (email: [emailprotected] co. in) 1 Abstract— In this paper numerical studies have been carried out for the conceptual design of short takeoff supersonic aircraft with cold flow nozzles. As a first step supersonic rectangular CD nozzle with multi-purpose frame is designed in such a way that during the early taxiing time the internal flow choking will be established without forming any shockwave in the divergent region for facilitating the aircraft for a smooth and short takeoff. Immediately after the takeoff the nozzle frame will be converted into rectangular supercritical wing for meeting the high speed aerodynamic design objectives. Parametric analytical studies have been carried out for both internal and external flows using suitable turbulence models. The results from the parametric study indicate that cold flow choked nozzles with conventional jet engines will compliment for the short takeoff of supersonic aircraft lucratively without having any additional propulsion systems. Keywords— Choked Rectangular Nozzle, Rectangular Supercritical Airfoil, Short Takeoff Aircraft, Supersonic Aircraft. I. INTRODUCTION HE great majority of supersonic aircraft today are military or experimental aircraft. Most of them, including many military fighter aircraft, are designed to exceed the speed of sound only in certain exceptional flight regimes; a handful of aircraft, such as the SR-71 Blackbird military reconnaissance aircraft and the Concorde supersonic civilian transport, are designed to cruise continuously at speeds above the speed of sound. Supersonic flight brings with it substantial technical challenges, as the aerodynamics of supersonic flight are dramatically different from those of subsonic flight. These challenges have largely been met. However, political, environmental, and economic obstacles of greater magnitude continue to severely limit the actual deployment of supersonic aircraft, particularly in the civilian world. Additionally, the need and demand for supersonic flight have often been insufficient to justify development or deployment of supersonic aircraft, particularly in the domain of civilian transport. The aforementioned SR-71 and Concorde aircraft are no longer flying today although Concorde was highly profitable in service, but because of the low market among operators (due to sonic booms, relatively high fuel T Comparisons of 3D computation and experiment for non axi-symmetric nozzles have been carried out by NASA in 1989 [1]. The configurations are selected from a set of the single expansion ramp nozzles which were experimentally investigated by Re and Leavitt [2]. The experiments were performed to analyze the effects of various geometrical 256 3rd International Conference on Trends in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (ICTMIE2013) January 8-9, 2013 Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia) parameters and pressure ratios on the static performance of these asymmetric nozzles. Three-dimensional solutions obtained with their code have been presented for two asymmetric, single expansion ramp nozzles at a pressure ratio of 10. The computed flow consists of the internal expansion region in the converging / diverging sections and the external supersonic exhaust in a quiescent ambient environment. The fundamental characteristics existing at the prescribed flow condition have been captured successfully for the present nozzle / exhaust flow field. These features include expansion fans, Mach wave reflections, mixing layers, and nonsymmetrical, multiple inviscid cell, supersonic exhausts. Comparison has been made with experimental data for wall pressure distributions at the center planes with good agreement. Applications of numerical methods to the nozzle complex flow field have been reported by investigators. Some of these studies have focused on the interaction of the exhaust plume and the external stream, and the consequent effects on the nozzle afterbody [3, 4]. In several other studies, the jet plume has been analyzed independently [5, 6]. The flow inside the nozzle is treated as a separate problem, and is generally well understood for a simple two-dimensional symmetrical nozzle. In the case of the nozzle considered in this paper, however, the independent treatment of the exhaust plume may not be adequate, since the initial part of the exhaust plume bordered by its free shear layer can change the flow structure near the upper external expansion surface. Simultaneously solving the flow field to account for the strongly interactive nature thus becomes necessary. Works related to this type of nozzle, in which the computations include a complete domain of the internal nozzle, the external exhaust plume and the ambient stream, have been performed by several other investigators [710]. Independent calculation of a similar nozzle had also been reported for a two-dimensional case [11]. Other results based on the full Navier- Stokes (NS) equations, parabolized NavierStokes (PNS) equations or method of characteristics in two and three dimensions have been calculated for a variety of nozzle conditions including supersonic, subsonic and quiescent external streams [12-16]. In addition, these previous analyses have demonstrated the simplicity of the simulation procedures as applied to the nozzle / exhaust problem, in which the geometry is complex and the flow is highly nonuniform. The importance of investigating rectangular turbulent jets is determined by both their practical importance and ? ow complexity. In fact, a rectangular turbulent jet is a typical example of a 3D turbulent ? ow, which is strongly influenced by initial conditions. Several papers have been written on rectangular turbulent jets [17-21]. It is difficult to compare the experimental data presented in these papers because of the considerable difference between the particular initial conditions, including the nozzle geometry and the experimental set-up itself. Hence it is almost impossible to summarize the results obtained by different authors. In addition most papers treat a particular geometry and specific initial conditions without investigating their influence. It should be noted that in recent years the number of publications on this topic has increased because of the need to 257 investigate the turbulent structure of the flow for various practical applications [21]. III. CONCEPTUAL DESIGN Turbulent jet flows issuing from rectangular nozzles are used in many technological and practical applications. Understanding their development and mechanics is important to the design and performance improvement of these applications. Therefore, rectangular jets have been Fig. 1 Supersonic aircraft with rectangular CD nozzle with adjustable frame facilitated for converting it into the rectangular supercritical airfoil after takeoff. studied extensively over the past decades. Fig. 1 shows the proposed design of military aircraft with CD rectangular nozzle under the wing and shifted laterally. A rectangular CD nozzle is an altered type of a De Laval nozzle where we can have reduced frontal surface area. Fig. 2(a-b) represents the physical model of a rectangular CD nozzle. The ultimate idea of this study is to reduce the take-off distance. Note that by placing the CD nozzle under the wing we can accelerate the cold flow at the choked flow condition during taxiing, resulting the sudden increase in thrust and short take-off. Though the idea is very simple the design optimisation of a rectangular CD nozzle is a difficult task. In order to control how much mass is moving and how fast it moves, the ratio of the exit to the throat is the key design component of a CD nozzle. In the divergent session of the CD nozzle the supersonic flow accelerates as the area gets bigger. This region of supersonic acceleration is terminated by a normal shock wave. (a) Physical Model b) Idealized Physical Model Fig. 2 (a-b) Physical models of the rectangular CD nozzle. 3rd International Conference on Trends in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (ICTMIE2013) January 8-9, 2013 Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia) The shock wave produces a near-instantaneous deceleration of the flow to subsonic speed. This shock wave is the major concern in designing a CD nozzle. The size of the nozzle throat effectively sets the mass flow rate through the nozzle. Next, the area of the exit is important because it will determine how much the fluid is allowed to expand. This expansion will then determine the Mach number of the exiting flow. It also determines the exit pressure, temperature, and velocity of the fluid coming out. The proposed CD nozzle is an over expanded nozzle with P b /P c value of 0. 6 which will cause the flow to choke and will reduce the possibility of forming shock waves within the nozzle. Immediately after the takeoff it is proposed to transform the CD rectangular nozzle into a rectangular supercritical wing for reducing the wave drag during the transonic regime. IV. NUMERICAL METHOD OF SOLUTION Numerical simulations for internal flow have been carried out with the help of a two-dimensional standard k-epsilon model. It is a two equation turbulence model in which the solution of two separate transport equations allows the turbulent velocity and length scales to be independently determined. The turbulence kinetic energy, k, and its rate of dissipation, ? , are obtained from the following transport equations: (a) 3D Grid system (b) 2D Grid system Fig. 3(a-b) Grid systems in the computational domain of the rectangular CD nozzle. and G k represents the generation of turbulence kinetic energy due to the mean velocity gradients. G b is the generation of turbulence kinetic energy due to buoyancy. Y M represents the contribution of the fluctuating dilatation in compressible turbulence to the overall dissipation rate. C 1? , C 2? , and C 3? are constants. ? k and ? ? are the turbulent Prandtl numbers for k and ? , respectively. S k and S ? are user-defined source terms. Compressibility effects are encountered in gas flows at high velocity and/or in which there are large pressure variations. When the flow velocity approaches or exceeds the speed of sound or when the pressure change in the system is large, the variation of the gas density with pressure has a ignificant impact on the flow velocity, pressure, and temperature. Compressible flows create a unique set of flow physics for which one must be aware of the special input requirements and appropriate solution techniques. Compressible flows are typically characterized the total pressure P o and total temperature T o of the flow. In this model the compressible flows are described by the standard continuity and momentum equation s with the inclusion of the compressible treatment of the density. The energy equation solved by the code will incorporate the coupling between the flow velocity and the static temperature. The viscosity is determined from the Sutherland formula. All boundary conditions for wall-function meshes will correspond to the wall function approach, but in the case of fine meshes the appropriate low-Reynolds number boundary 258 conditions will be applied. At the solid walls a no-slip boundary condition is imposed. An idealized physical model is required for the simplification of the analysis. Concurrently, decisions are made as to the extent of the finite flow domain in which the flow is to be simulated. Portions of the boundary of the flow domain coincide with the surfaces of the body geometry. Other surfaces are free boundaries over which flow enters or leaves. The geometry is modeled in such a manner as to provide input for the grid generation. Thus, the modeling often takes into account the structure and topology of the grid generation. Fig. 3(a-b) shows the grid systems in the computational domain for 3D and 2D cases. In this paper numerical results are generated using the 2D mesh for fast computation without sacrificing the accuracy much. Initial wall temperature (300 K), inlet total pressure (101325 Pa) and temperature (300 K) are specified. Ideal gas is selected as the working fluid. The turbulent intensity is selected as 5 % and inlet velocity is obtained as 150 m/s. The code has successfully validated with the help of benchmark solutions. In another attempt numerical studies for external flows have been carried out using two dimensional density based steady one-equation Spalart Allmaras model for the geometrical optimizing of a supercritical aerofoil, transformed from the rectangular nozzle, aiming for reducing the drag at wide range of operating conditions. The Sutherland law for viscosity is well suited for high-speed compressible flow. Though Cp and thermal conductivity are temperature dependent, for simplicity, initially we assumed it as constants at high speed flows [22]. V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The numerical results presented in this session are a pointer towards for the design optimization of a supersonic aircraft with rectangular CD nozzle for short takeoff. Fig. 4 shows the variations of pressure and velocity inside the CD nozzle. It is evident from these figures that the CD nozzle design is acceptable owing to the fact that shock waves are not encountered in the divergent session of the nozzle. rd International Conference on Trends in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (ICTMIE2013) January 8-9, 2013 Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia) (a) Static Pressure (b) Velocity Magnitude Fig. 7 Comparison of the takeoff distance of a typical supersonic aircraft with and without CD nozzle. Fig. 4 Demonstrating the pressure and velocity variations inside the CD nozzle. Fig. 5 Demonstrating the wall pressure coefficient variatio ns in the CD nozzle. with and without CD nozzle under ideal conditions. We observed through the parametric analytical studies that the average outlet velocity is approximately 5 to 6 times the inlet velocity. During the external flow simulation we have observed that when the free stream Mach number exceeds the critical Mach number a pocket of supersonic flow occurs over the top surface as usual; but because of the top surface is relatively flat, the local supersonic Mach number is a lower value than would exist in the case of a conventional aerofoil. As a result, the shock wave that terminates the pocket of supersonic flow is weaker. In turn, the supercritical airfoil can penetrate closer to Mach 1 before drag divergence occurs. Admittedly, considerable amount of drag has been encountered during the transonic regime. Therefore one should propose more meaningful design for the drag reduction while proposing for the integrated approach for the design optimization of a supersonic aircraft for the smooth and short takeoff, which is beyond the scope of this paper. Fig. 8 shows the grid system in the computational domain of the supercritical airfoil. Fig. 9 shows the contours of the static pressure and the velocity magnitude over the supercritical airfoil. We observed that with the same inflow conditions the proposed supercritical airfoil could reduce the drag coefficient by 5 % than the conventional geometry. This supercritical airfoil can be further optimized for reducing the drag without affecting the structural and aerodynamics design requirements. The basic design approach behind supercritical shapes is to flatten the upper surface of the airfoil to reduce flow acceleration and to use a highly cambered aft section to generate the majority of the lift. The disadvantage of this approach is that aft-loaded wings shift the center of lift back, Fig. 6 Demonstrating the velocity variations in the CD nozzle. Fig. 5 shows the wall pressure coefficient variations and Fig. shows the velocity variations inside the CD nozzle. Based on the numerical data an analytical exercise has been carried out to estimate the take of velocity of a typical aircraft with T/W = 0. 85, Max. take-off weight = 46200 Kg, Thrust = 152 KN, C d = 0. 153, Wing span = 13. 46 m). We observed that with the rectangular CD nozzle with inlet velocity 150 m/s one can accelerate the aircraft for a short takeoff with 50 % reducti on in the takeoff distance. Fig. 7 shows the comparison of the takeoff distance of an aircraft 259 Fig. Grid system in the computational domain of the supercritical airfoil. 3rd International Conference on Trends in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (ICTMIE2013) January 8-9, 2013 Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia) [3] L. E. Putnam, and J. Hodges, â€Å"Assessment of NASA and RAE Vicous [4] [5] [6] [7] Fig. 9 Pressure and velocity contours over the supercritical airfoil. [8] which necessitates moving the wings forward. This design tradeoff results in larger pitching moments, the need for larger and heavier control surfaces, and the need for stronger and heavier wing structures. VI. CONCLUDING REMARKS Successful numerical studies have been carried out for the conceptual design and optimization of short takeoff supersonic aircraft with cold flow nozzles. As a first step supersonic rectangular CD nozzle with multi-purpose frame is designed in such a way that during the early taxiing time the internal flow choking will be established without forming any shockwave in the divergent region for facilitating the aircraft for a smooth and short takeoff. Immediately after the takeoff the nozzle frame will be converted into rectangular supercritical wing for meeting the high speed aerodynamic design objectives. Parametric analytical studies have been carried out for both internal and external flows using suitable turbulence models. As speed increases, the compressibility (or ability to be squeezed into a smaller volume) of air increases. It implies that the density of air increases at high speeds resulting in greater drag on an airfoil. A supercritical airfoil is designed to delay the speed at which the compressibility effect becomes significant so that drag will be reduced. Note that any attempt for retaining the rectangular CD nozzle after the takeoff will be counter productive to the flight performance owing to the fact that its frame induces additional drag and the supersonic inflow will be shocked down by the CD nozzle at its throat leading to the formation of subsonic flow at its exit. Therefore design optimization of a short takeoff supersonic aircraft with cold flow nozzles is a daunting task and however must be attempted with caution. We concluded that the fluid-structural interactive code can possibly optimize the proposed conceptual design of a supersonic aircraft with flexible rectangular CD nozzle frames for the lucrative commercial applications. REFERENCES [1] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] Inviscid Interaction Methods for Predicting Transonic Flow over Nozzle Afterbodies, AIAA Paper No. 83-1789, July 1983. R. Wilmoth, Aerodynamics Interactions with Turbulent Jet Exhaust Plumes, JANNAF 13th Plume Technology Meeting, April 1982, Houston, Texas. E. Venkatapathy, and W. J. Feiereisen, 3-D Plume Flow Computations with an Upwind Solver,† AIAA Paper No. 88-3158, AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE 24th Joint Propulsion Conference, July 1988, Boston, MA, USA. G. A. Hasen, Navier-Stokes Solutions for an Axisymmetric Nozzle,I1 AIAA Journal, Vol. 20, Sept. 1982, pp. 1219-1227. S. Dash, and P. Del Guidice, â€Å"Shock Capturing Finite-Difference and Characteristic Reference Plane Techiques for the Prediction of Threedimensional Nozzle- Exhaust, NASA CR 145366, May 1978. P. D. Thomas, â€Å"Numerical Method for Predicting Flow Characteristiccs and Performance of Nonaxisymmetric Nozzles, Part 2 Application, NASA CR 3264, Oct. 1980. K. M. Peery, â€Å"Non-Axisymmetric Nozzle/Aftbody Flow Field Analysis,† AFWALTR- 81-3046, June 1981. D. E. Wolf, R. A. Lee, and S. M. Dash, â€Å"Parabolized Navier-Stokes Analysis of Scramjet Hypersonic Nozzle Flowfields,ll AIAA Paper No. 87-1897, AIAA/SAE/ASME/ASEE 23rd Joint Propulsion Conference, June 1987, San Diego, CA. C. F. Shieh, â€Å"Navier-Stokes Solutions of Transonic Nozzle Flow with Shock-Induced Flow Separationsr1I AIAA Paper No. 8-3614, AIAA/ASME/SIAM/APS 1st National Fluid Dynamics Congress, July 1988, Cincinnati, OH, USA. R. M. Beam, and R. F. Warming, An Implicit Factored Scheme for the Compressible Navier-Stokes Equations,† AIAA Journal, Vo1. 16, April 1978, pp. 393-402. G. K. Cooper, The PARC Code: Theory and Usage, AEDC-TR-87-24, Oct. 1987. T. H. Pulliam, Euler and Thin Layer Navier-Stokes Codes: ARC2D, ARC3D, Notes for Computational Fluid Dynamics Users Workshop,† The University of Tennessee Space Institute, Tullahoma, Tn. , UTSI Pub. E02-4005-023-84, 1984, pp. 15. 1-15. 85. A. T. Hsu, and M. S. Liou, A Computational Analysis of UnderExpanded Jets in the Hypersonic regime, NASA TM 101319, 1988. G. J. Harloff, H. T. Lai, and E. S. Nelson, â€Å"Two-Dimensional Viscous Flow Computations of Hypersonic Scramjet Nozzle Flow fields at Design and Off Design Conditions, NASA TM 182150, June 1988. K. B. M. Q. Zaman, Flow-Field Surveys For Rectangular Nozzles, Glenn Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio, NASA/TM—2012-217410, AIAA– 2012–0069. Ganesh Raman, Michael Hailyef and Edward J. Rice, â€Å"Flip-Flop Jet Nozzle Extended to Supersonic Flows,† AIAA Journal, Vol. 31, No. 6, June 1993, pp. 1028-1035. M. Lozanova, P. Stankov, â€Å"Experimental investigation on the similarity of a 3D rectangular turbulent jet,† Experiments in Fluids 24 (1998) 470478, Springer-Verlag 1998. A. Mohamed, A. Hamed, and T. Lehnig, â€Å"Supersonic Rectangular OverExpanded Jets of Single and Two-Phase Flows, ISABE 2003-1119. Mohammed Hamed Alnahhal, â€Å"Turbulent Rectangular Jets,† Ph. D Dissertation, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Aeronautics, University of Patras, Rio 26 504, Greece, 2010. Shantanu Khanna, â€Å"CFD Analysis of Super Critical Aerofoil over simple Aerofoil†, M. S Thesis, College of Engineering, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, May 2011. 2] H. Lai and E. Nelson, â€Å"Comparison of 3D Computation and Experiment for Non-Axisymmetric Nozzles†, NASA Contractor Report 182245, NASA Lewis Research Center Group, Cleveland, Ohio, February 1989, AIAA-89-0007. Re, R. J. , and Leavitt, D. L. , Static Internal Performance of SingleExpansion-Ramp Nozzles with Vario us Combinations Of Internal Geometric Parameters, NASA TM and 86270, 1984. 260 3rd International Conference on Trends in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (ICTMIE2013) January 8-9, 2013 Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia) Spare Parts Inventory Model for Auto Mobile Sector Using Genetic Algorithm S. Godwin Barnabas, I. Ambrose Edward, and S. Thandeeswaran Abstract—In this paper the objective is to determine the optimal allocation of spares for replacement of defective parts onboard of a usage. The optimal inventory control methodologies intend to reduce the supply chain cost by controlling the inventory in an effective manner, such that, the SC members will not be affected by surplus as well as shortage of inventory. In this paper, we propose an efficient approach that effectively utilizes the Genetic Algorithm for optimal inventory control. This paper reports a method based on genetic algorithm to optimize inventory in supply chain management. We focus specifically on determining the most probable excess stock level and shortage level required for inventory optimization in the supply chain so that the total supply chain cost is minimized . So, the overall aim of this paper is to find out the healthy stock level by means of that safety stock is maintained throughout the service period. Keywords—Excess Stock, Genetic algorithm, Inventory, Optimization, Safety stock. service sector. Inventory is held throughout the supply chain in the form of raw materials, work in progress, and finished goods. II. LITERATURE REVIEW Supply chain network is a complex network, which consists of multiple manufacturers, multiple suppliers, multiple retailers and multiple customers. The accomplishment of beam-ACO in supply-chain management has been proposed by Caldeira et al. [12]. Beam- ACO has been used to optimize the supplying and logistic agents of a supply chain. A standard ACO algorithm has aided in the optimization of the distributed system. The application of Beam-ACO has enhanced the local and global results of the supply chain. A beneficial industry case applying Genetic Algorithms (GA) has been proposed by Wang et al. [13]. The case has made use of GAs for the optimization of the total cost of a multiple sourcing supply chain system. The system has been exemplified by a multiple sourcing model with stochastic demand. A mathematical model has been implemented to portray the stochastic inventory with the many to many demand and transportation parameters as well as price uncertainty factors. A genetic algorithm which has been approved by Lo [14] deals with the production inventory problem with backlog in the real situations, with time-varied demand and imperfect production due to the defects in production disruption with exponential distribution. Besides optimizing the number of production cycles to generate a (R, Q) inventory policy, an aggregative production plan can also be produced to minimize the total inventory cost on the basis of reproduction interval searching in a given time horizon. P. Radhakrishnanet. al. [18] developed P. Radhakrishnan et. al. [18] developed a new and efficient approach that works on Genetic Algorithms in order to distinctively determine the most probable excess stock level and shortage level required for Inventory optimization in the supply chain such that the total supply chain cost is minimized. Many well-known algorithmic advances in optimization have been made, but it turns out that most have not had the expected impact on the decisions for designing and optimizing supply chain related problems. Some optimization techniques are of little use 261 I. INTRODUCTION HE design and operation of spare part management systems is very important for automobile sector, Prior relevant system could be grouped in two categories. It is aimed to find optimal demand for a given spare parts management system; that is, how to determine optimal inventory level in order to reduce cost. This paper attempts to solve a comprehensive design problem for a spare part management system. Every automobile sector should proceed systematically and establish an effective Spare parts management system. Inventory encompasses all raw materials, work in process, and finished goods within the supply chain. Changing Inventory policies can dramatically alter the supply chain’s efficiency and responsiveness. Inventory is an important cross functional driver of supply chain performance. An important role that can be satisfied by having the product ready and available when the customer wants it to reduce the customer waiting time in the S. Godwin Barnabas 1. is an Assistant Professor, Mechanical Department in the Velammal College of Engineering and Technology,Madurai,Tamilnadu,India (Phone: +919943338837 ; e-mail: [emailprotected] com ). I. Ambrose Edward 2. is an Assistant Professor, Mechanical Department in the Velammal College of Engineering and Technology,Madurai,Tamilnadu,India (phone:+919952199565; e-mail:[emailprotected] com) S. Thandeeswaran 3. is an Assistant Professor, Mechanical Department in the Velammal College of Engineering and Technology,Madurai,Tamilnadu,India (Phone:+919790362087; e-mail: thandeeswaran. [emailprotected] com). T

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